Journal: Polymers

Article Title: Electrospun Poly(γ–glutamic acid)/β–Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Fibrous Mats for Bone Regeneration

doi: 10.3390/polym11020227

Figure Lengend Snippet: SEM images of the γ–PGA/β–TCP composite fibrous mats with different γ–PGA/β–TCP weight ratios and different cystamine treatment times: ( a ) 20:1, 12 h; ( b ) 20:1, 24 h; ( c ) 40:1, 12 h; and ( d ) 40:1, 24 h. ( e ) The diameter of the electrospun γ–PGA/β–TCP composite fibers (*** p < 0.005). Scale bars: 2 μm.

Article Snippet: β–TCP nanoparticles (Shimakyu’s Pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan) with an average particle size of 20–40 nm were dispersed in deionized water by ultrasonication. γ–PGA powders (Vedan Enterprise Co., Taichung, Taiwan) were then dissolved at a concentration of 20 wt % in aqueous β–TCP solution.

Techniques:

Journal: Polymers

Article Title: Electrospun Poly(γ–glutamic acid)/β–Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Fibrous Mats for Bone Regeneration

doi: 10.3390/polym11020227

Figure Lengend Snippet: The water uptake capabilities of the γ–PGA/β–TCP composite fibrous mats.

Article Snippet: β–TCP nanoparticles (Shimakyu’s Pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan) with an average particle size of 20–40 nm were dispersed in deionized water by ultrasonication. γ–PGA powders (Vedan Enterprise Co., Taichung, Taiwan) were then dissolved at a concentration of 20 wt % in aqueous β–TCP solution.

Techniques:

Journal: Polymers

Article Title: Electrospun Poly(γ–glutamic acid)/β–Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Fibrous Mats for Bone Regeneration

doi: 10.3390/polym11020227

Figure Lengend Snippet: The weight losses of the γ–PGA/β–TCP composite fibrous mats during the soaking time.

Article Snippet: β–TCP nanoparticles (Shimakyu’s Pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan) with an average particle size of 20–40 nm were dispersed in deionized water by ultrasonication. γ–PGA powders (Vedan Enterprise Co., Taichung, Taiwan) were then dissolved at a concentration of 20 wt % in aqueous β–TCP solution.

Techniques:

Journal: Polymers

Article Title: Electrospun Poly(γ–glutamic acid)/β–Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Fibrous Mats for Bone Regeneration

doi: 10.3390/polym11020227

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of the γ–PGA/β–TCP composite fiber extract on the MG-63 cell viability by a MTT assay after 2 days of culture. The results are expressed as a percentage of the control (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 vs. control).

Article Snippet: β–TCP nanoparticles (Shimakyu’s Pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan) with an average particle size of 20–40 nm were dispersed in deionized water by ultrasonication. γ–PGA powders (Vedan Enterprise Co., Taichung, Taiwan) were then dissolved at a concentration of 20 wt % in aqueous β–TCP solution.

Techniques: MTT Assay

Journal: Polymers

Article Title: Electrospun Poly(γ–glutamic acid)/β–Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Fibrous Mats for Bone Regeneration

doi: 10.3390/polym11020227

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of the γ–PGA/β–TCP composite fiber extract on the ALP activity of MG-63 cells after 4 days of culture. The results are expressed as a percentage of the control (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 vs. control).

Article Snippet: β–TCP nanoparticles (Shimakyu’s Pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan) with an average particle size of 20–40 nm were dispersed in deionized water by ultrasonication. γ–PGA powders (Vedan Enterprise Co., Taichung, Taiwan) were then dissolved at a concentration of 20 wt % in aqueous β–TCP solution.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Polymers

Article Title: Electrospun Poly(γ–glutamic acid)/β–Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Fibrous Mats for Bone Regeneration

doi: 10.3390/polym11020227

Figure Lengend Snippet: SEM photographs of the MG-63 cells that adhered to the surfaces of the γ–PGA/β–TCP composite fibrous mats with different γ–PGA/β–TCP weight ratios and different cystamine treatment times: ( a ) 20:1, 12 h; ( b ) 20:1, 24 h; ( c ) 40:1, 12 h; and ( d ) 40:1, 24 h after 6 h of culture.

Article Snippet: β–TCP nanoparticles (Shimakyu’s Pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan) with an average particle size of 20–40 nm were dispersed in deionized water by ultrasonication. γ–PGA powders (Vedan Enterprise Co., Taichung, Taiwan) were then dissolved at a concentration of 20 wt % in aqueous β–TCP solution.

Techniques:

Journal: Polymers

Article Title: Electrospun Poly(γ–glutamic acid)/β–Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Fibrous Mats for Bone Regeneration

doi: 10.3390/polym11020227

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Micro-CT images of the rat calvarial bones covered with or without γ–PGA/β–TCP composite fibrous mats obtained 4 and 8 weeks postimplantation (HB = host bone, NB = new bone). The dotted circles indicate the original defects. ( b ) The quantitative micro-CT analysis of the newly formed bones in the rat calvaria defects (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01).

Article Snippet: β–TCP nanoparticles (Shimakyu’s Pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan) with an average particle size of 20–40 nm were dispersed in deionized water by ultrasonication. γ–PGA powders (Vedan Enterprise Co., Taichung, Taiwan) were then dissolved at a concentration of 20 wt % in aqueous β–TCP solution.

Techniques: Micro-CT

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: In vivo evaluation of cetuximab-conjugated poly(γ-glutamic acid)-docetaxel nanomedicines in EGFR-overexpressing gastric cancer xenografts

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S143529

Figure Lengend Snippet: Molecular interactions between CET MAb and the Np system

Article Snippet: γ-PGA (molecular weight 400 kDa) was purchased from Vedan (Taichung, Taiwan), chitosan (molecular weight 100–150 kDa) from Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd. (Itami, Hyogo, Japan) and DOCT from AK Scientific, Inc. (Union City, CA, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Engineering in Life Sciences

Article Title: Citrate Supplementation Modulates Medium Viscosity and Poly‐γ‐Glutamic Acid Synthesis by Engineered B. subtilis 168

doi: 10.1002/elsc.70009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantitative physiology of B. subtilis PG10 at high and low citrate concentrations. Carbon source depletion (A), growth and pH development (B), synthesis of by‐products (C), progression of γ‐PGA titer and glutamate consumption (D) of the xylose‐inducible promoter harboring strain B. subtilis PG10 in the presence of 20 g L −1 glutamate and high (15 g L −1 ) or low (1 g L −1 ) levels of exogenous citrate (Cit) is shown. The experiment was performed in 250 mL shake flasks with 30 mL filling volume, at 300 rpm (25 mm shaking diameter) and 37°C. The experiments were performed in quadruplicates, error bars represent the standard deviation.

Article Snippet: The γ‐PGA with a purity of 95% and a molecular weight of 700 kDa (according to the supplied data sheet) used in this experiment was purchased from ChemScene (Cat# CS‐0043360, New Jersey, USA).

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: Engineering in Life Sciences

Article Title: Citrate Supplementation Modulates Medium Viscosity and Poly‐γ‐Glutamic Acid Synthesis by Engineered B. subtilis 168

doi: 10.1002/elsc.70009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Online profiling of viscosity and OTR of B. subtilis PG10 during γ‐PGA production. The development of the broth viscosity of cultures of B. subtilis PG10, carrying the xylose‐inducible promoter P xyl cultivated in the presence of 20 g L −1 glutamate and either high (15 g L −1 ) or low (1 g L −1 ) levels of exogenous citrate (Cit) was analyzed by either online‐ or offline‐analytics. Cultures of B. subtilis Δ xylAB carrying the native pgsBCA promoter were analyzed as control (A). Simultaneously, the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) of the respective cultures was measured (B). The γ‐PGA titer presented in Figure is shown as a reference, together with the molecular weight of the polymer (C). The experiment was performed in 250 mL shake flasks with 30 mL filling volume, at 300 rpm (25 mm shaking diameter) and 37°C. The experiments were performed in quadruplicates. In the case of online‐ and offline‐viscosity and OTR collected in the presence of high citrate availability, the data represents the mean value of all replicates with error bars indicating the standard deviation. In the presence of low levels of citrate, the shown OTR data represents the results obtained from two individual replicates.

Article Snippet: The γ‐PGA with a purity of 95% and a molecular weight of 700 kDa (according to the supplied data sheet) used in this experiment was purchased from ChemScene (Cat# CS‐0043360, New Jersey, USA).

Techniques: Viscosity, Control, Molecular Weight, Polymer, Standard Deviation

Journal: Engineering in Life Sciences

Article Title: Citrate Supplementation Modulates Medium Viscosity and Poly‐γ‐Glutamic Acid Synthesis by Engineered B. subtilis 168

doi: 10.1002/elsc.70009

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro viscosity of γ‐PGA/metal salt mixtures. The offline viscosity of a γ‐PGA standard was analyzed in combination with CaCl 2 , MgSO 4, or a combination of both in the absence of citrate or in the presence of 1 or 15 g L −1 of citrate. The experiment was performed in 24 deep‐well System Duetz plates with a filling volume of 1 mL, cultivated at 200 rpm (shaking diameter 25 mm) and 37°C. The experiment was performed in triplicates, error bars represent the standard deviation.

Article Snippet: The γ‐PGA with a purity of 95% and a molecular weight of 700 kDa (according to the supplied data sheet) used in this experiment was purchased from ChemScene (Cat# CS‐0043360, New Jersey, USA).

Techniques: In Vitro, Viscosity, Standard Deviation

Journal: Engineering in Life Sciences

Article Title: Citrate Supplementation Modulates Medium Viscosity and Poly‐γ‐Glutamic Acid Synthesis by Engineered B. subtilis 168

doi: 10.1002/elsc.70009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proteome analysis of γ‐PGA‐producing cells cultivated in the presence of 1 or 15 g L −1 of citrate. The proteome of B. subtilis PG10 harvested after 48 h of cultivation in a medium with 1 (low) or 15 (high) g L −1 citrate is shown (biological triplicates). The experiment was performed in 250 mL shake flasks with 30 mL filling volume, at 300 rpm (25 mm shaking diameter) and 37°C. The data is visualized as volcano plot (A), hits after a Student t ‐test ( p value < 0.01), and log 2 fold changes >0.8 or <–0.8 are highlighted according to their respective SubtiWiki category. A log 2 fold change >0.8 resembles higher abundance during high citrate availability, whereas a log 2 fold change of <–0.8 shows higher abundance in the low citrate condition. The number of proteins with altered abundance per category is shown as a bar chart (B), where categories containing ≥3 differentially abundant proteins are labeled specifically.

Article Snippet: The γ‐PGA with a purity of 95% and a molecular weight of 700 kDa (according to the supplied data sheet) used in this experiment was purchased from ChemScene (Cat# CS‐0043360, New Jersey, USA).

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Engineering in Life Sciences

Article Title: Citrate Supplementation Modulates Medium Viscosity and Poly‐γ‐Glutamic Acid Synthesis by Engineered B. subtilis 168

doi: 10.1002/elsc.70009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantitative physiology and γ‐PGA titer of B. subtilis deletion mutants in the presence of different citrate concentrations. Growth, pH development, and progression of γ‐PGA titer of γ‐PGA producing B. subtilis deletion strains deficient in citrate‐sensing or transport in the presence of 20 g L −1 glutamate and high (15 g L −1 ) or low (1 g L −1 ) levels of exogenous citrate (Cit) is shown. In this experiment, the strains B. subtilis Δ citST (A, B), B. subtilis Δ fecCDEF (C, D) and the double deletion mutant B. subtilis Δ citST Δ fecCDEF (E, F) were tested. The biopolymer produced by the deletion mutants is further compared to the production dynamics of the parental strain in the presence of 15 g L −1 citrate (G) or 1 g L −1 citrate (H). The experiment was performed in 500 mL shake flasks with 50 mL filling volume, at 300 rpm (25 mm shaking diameter) and 37°C. The experiments were performed in duplicates, error bars represent the deviation from the average.

Article Snippet: The γ‐PGA with a purity of 95% and a molecular weight of 700 kDa (according to the supplied data sheet) used in this experiment was purchased from ChemScene (Cat# CS‐0043360, New Jersey, USA).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Produced